Understanding Cryptocurrency and Its Tax Implications in the UK

Cryptocurrency, a form of digital currency, made its debut in 2009 with Bitcoin leading the way. Since then, numerous other cryptocurrencies have emerged, such as Ripple in 2012 and Ethereum in 2015. These digital currencies rely on blockchain technology, a decentralized system that eliminates the need for central authorities like banks. Instead, cryptocurrency’s value and transactions are managed by its users via the internet. While it can be used to purchase goods and services, most people invest in cryptocurrency for its potential profitability.

What Are Crypto Assets?

Crypto assets, also referred to as tokens, are digital items that can be stored, transferred, and traded electronically. Different types of crypto assets serve different purposes, and it’s essential to understand the distinctions. Some of the common types include:

• Stablecoins: Cryptocurrencies designed to maintain a stable value, often tied to a traditional asset like the US dollar or gold (e.g., USDT).
• Security Tokens: These represent ownership in real-world assets, such as companies or properties. A notable example is tZero, a platform for trading security tokens.
• Exchange Tokens: Issued by cryptocurrency exchanges, these tokens are used within the exchange platform for trading and paying fees (e.g., Binance token).
• Utility Tokens: Designed for specific purposes within a particular ecosystem, utility tokens facilitate payment for services or products (e.g., Basic Attention Token in the Brave browser).

Cryptocurrency Taxation in the UK

In the UK, cryptocurrency is taxable. HMRC (Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs) outlines that individuals and businesses with crypto assets must pay taxes on any profits if they exceed the annual tax-free threshold.

How HMRC Treats Crypto Assets

According to HMRC, how crypto assets are taxed depends on their use rather than their definition. Cryptocurrency is not recognized as traditional currency or money by HMRC. Instead, crypto assets are treated similarly to shares for tax purposes.

Tax Responsibilities for Individuals

If you’re an individual holding cryptocurrency, you may be liable to pay the following taxes:

• Income Tax: If you receive cryptocurrency from your employer or as a non-cash payment, this is considered “money’s worth” and is subject to both income tax and National Insurance contributions. Income tax also applies to cryptocurrency obtained through activities such as mining, staking (similar to earning interest), or receiving airdrops (free tokens for marketing or promotional purposes).If you experience income tax losses, HMRC allows you to carry forward those losses under miscellaneous income provisions.
• Capital Gains Tax (CGT): Cryptocurrency is treated as a chargeable asset if it can be owned and its value realized. Any gains you make from selling, trading, or investing in tokens are subject to CGT.

Tax Responsibilities for Businesses

For businesses engaged in cryptocurrency-related activities like trading, mining, or exchanging tokens for other assets, taxes also apply. The type of tax a business needs to pay depends on factors such as the people involved and the nature of the business activities. The most common taxes applicable to businesses include:

• Income Tax
• Capital Gains Tax
• Corporation Tax
• Corporation Tax on Chargeable Gains
• Stamp Taxes
• National Insurance Contributions

Tax Compliance and Reporting

Both individuals and businesses must declare their crypto-related profits and gains through self-assessment tax returns or company tax returns. HMRC requires transparency in reporting income, expenditure, and gains to determine your tax liability.

Simplifying Crypto Tax with Koinly

Given the complexities of cryptocurrency taxation, using specialized tools like Koinly can simplify the process. Koinly allows users to import transaction data from various exchanges and wallets, generate accurate tax reports, and offer insights into their portfolio’s performance. Fusion Accountants, for instance, leverage Koinly to streamline crypto tax calculations and provide expert guidance on tax compliance.

Final Thoughts

Cryptocurrency offers exciting opportunities for profit, but it also comes with legal and tax obligations. Staying informed about the latest regulations and seeking advice from tax professionals can help ensure that your crypto transactions are correctly reported, minimizing tax liabilities. If you’re navigating the complex world of cryptocurrency, working with professionals like Fusion Accountants can provide the expertise needed to manage your crypto taxes effectively.